楕円コホモロジーの登場以来, 代数的トポロジーを勉強するためにも modular form と 楕円曲線は「一般教養」となった。
楕円コホモロジーとも関係あるが, 興味深い現象として monstrous moonshine がある。
この MathOverflow の質問は, modular form の起源について聞いたものであるが, KConrad による回答によると
1800年前後に Gauss の仕事の中で登場したのが最初の例のようである。
まずは, 複素平面の上半平面への\(\SL _2(\R )\)の作用 (一次分数変換) が必要になる。
そして上半平面上の関数で, この作用に関し“良い性質”を持つものを考えるわけである。
Modular form や楕円曲線に関しては, 数多くの文献がある。 簡潔に述べてあるものとして, かつて Rochester で学生だったときに,
Ravenel 先生から Serre の本 [Ser73a] を勧められたことがある。確かに手っ取り早く理解するにはいいかもしれない。
他に目にしたものを挙げると, 次のようになる:
4人による lecture notes [Bru+08] の中の Zagier による解説では, 応用として sums of squares
の問題が取り上げられている。
基本的な例としては, Eisenstein series や Dedekind の \(\eta \)-function を挙げるべきだろうか。
一般化や変種も色々考えられている。
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